Old age is a concept deeply entrenched in societal and cultural beliefs, often varying significantly across different demographics and over time. Recent studies have illuminated these shifting perceptions, revealing that the age at which people consider themselves to be ‘old’ is steadily increasing. This article delves into the nuances of these findings, drawing on extensive research to provide a comprehensive view of how old age is perceived today.
Shifting Perceptions of Old Age
Historically, old age was often perceived to begin around the age of 50. However, contemporary studies indicate that this threshold has moved significantly. According to a study published by the American Psychological Association, “later-born participants reported a later perceived onset of old age.” For instance, individuals born in 1911 perceived old age to start at 71, whereas more recent generations view old age as beginning even later.
This shift is supported by findings from NBC News, which reported that participants’ perceptions of old age have been consistently delayed over the past 25 years. The study highlighted that for every four to five years that passed, the perceived onset of old age shifted correspondingly later.
Factors Influencing Perceptions
Several factors contribute to these evolving perceptions of old age. Health, gender, and personal experiences play pivotal roles. Neuroscience News noted that “personal health, loneliness, and gender influence individual perceptions of when old age begins, with women generally perceiving old age to start later than men”. This aligns with findings from The Hill, which reported that “age, gender, and health status all played a role in a person’s perception of old age”.
Health deterioration remains a significant marker of old age. The Journal of the American Geriatrics Society found that “worse health status and life satisfaction are associated with perceiving earlier onset of old age”. This suggests that individuals in better health and with higher life satisfaction tend to view old age as starting later.
Cultural and Societal Impacts
Cultural and societal factors also significantly influence perceptions of aging. Earth.com highlighted that “modern adults perceive the onset of old age to be later compared to previous generations,” a shift attributed to improved healthcare, better living standards, and more active lifestyles among older adults today.
Furthermore, a global perspective reveals that cultural differences shape how aging is perceived. A study by the Center for Healthy Aging noted that younger people’s views on aging vary widely across cultures, indicating that societal norms and values deeply influence these perceptions.
Psychological and Quality of Life Implications
Positive perceptions of aging are strongly linked to better psychological health and quality of life. Research published in The Gerontologist demonstrated that “positive perception of aging is strongly associated with increased quality of life”. Similarly, a study on rural older adults published by MDPI found that positive perceptions of aging are linked to better self-rated health, suggesting that how individuals perceive their own aging process can have tangible impacts on their well-being.
Implications for Care Providers
Understanding these shifting perceptions is crucial for those providing care to older adults. Service providers must recognize that the age at which individuals consider themselves ‘old’ is not static and can vary significantly based on personal and societal factors. Tailoring services to reflect these perceptions can enhance the effectiveness of care and improve the overall well-being of older adults.
In conclusion, the perception of when old age begins is a complex and evolving concept influenced by health, societal changes, and cultural norms. As these perceptions shift, it is essential for society, and particularly those involved in the care of older adults, to adapt and respond to these changes. Embracing a more dynamic understanding of aging can lead to more effective care strategies and better quality of life for older individuals.
“How old is old? Identifying a chronological age and factors related.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 26 Jul. 2021, agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.17379.
“People now think old age starts at 75: Study.” The Hill, 24 Apr. 2024, thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/longevity/4619382-people-now-think-old-age-now-starts-at-75-study/.
“Association of Self-Perception of Aging and Quality of Life in Older.” The Gerontologist, vol. 64, no. 4, 2024, academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/64/4/gnad041/7111206.
The COVID-19 pandemic cast a harsh light on the fragile state of mental well-being among healthcare workers. Overwhelmed by unprecedented demands, many found themselves battling burnout, anxiety, and emotional exhaustion. Amidst this crisis, innovative programs designed to boost positive emotions have emerged as critical interventions, aiming to foster resilience and improve the mental health of healthcare professionals.
The Emergence of Positive Emotion Regulation Programs
One of the prominent initiatives, the Positive Affect Regulation sKills (PARK) program, demonstrated promising results during its trial phase. Conducted with 554 healthcare workers across various facilities in Chicago, the study aimed to mitigate burnout by enhancing positive emotions. As reported in PLOS ONE, participants who immediately engaged with the program exhibited significant reductions in anxiety compared to those who delayed participation. Despite these encouraging outcomes, the study also highlighted a common challenge: low completion rates. Only 9.4% of participants completed all five weekly lessons, underscoring the difficulty of engaging healthcare workers in such programs.
Addressing Low Engagement Rates
The struggle to maintain high engagement levels is not unique to the PARK program. Research consistently shows that participation in mental health and well-being programs among healthcare workers tends to be low. A study exploring the relationship between patient satisfaction and nurses’ mental well-being, published in the Journal of Palliative Care, revealed similar trends. It emphasized that while interventions are beneficial, their success hinges on the active participation of the workforce.
The Role of Nature and Personalized Interventions
One innovative approach to enhance engagement involves integrating nature into mental health interventions. A research article conducted by C. Ong (2024) at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences explored the impact of nature experiences on the mental well-being of professionals. The findings suggested that nature-based activities significantly improve mental health, providing a refreshing and accessible way to combat burnout.
Examples of Nature-Based Activities:
Garden Therapy: Engaging in gardening activities, such as planting flowers, vegetables, or simply tending to a garden, was shown to have a calming effect and improve mood. Garden therapy helps participants reconnect with nature, fostering a sense of accomplishment and peace.
Nature Walks: Regular walks in natural settings, such as parks or forests, were found to reduce stress and enhance mental clarity. Participants reported feeling more relaxed and rejuvenated after spending time walking amidst greenery.
Outdoor Meditation: Practicing mindfulness and meditation in outdoor environments, like a park or garden, significantly reduced anxiety and increased overall well-being. The natural surroundings provided a serene backdrop that enhanced the meditative experience.
Nature-Based Art Therapy: Activities such as drawing, painting, or crafting with natural materials (e.g., leaves, stones) were effective in promoting creativity and reducing stress. This form of therapy allowed participants to express themselves creatively while benefiting from the therapeutic effects of nature.
Animal-Assisted Activities: Interacting with animals in natural settings, such as farms or sanctuaries, helped reduce feelings of loneliness and stress. Participants found comfort and joy in spending time with animals, which contributed to their emotional well-being.
These nature-based activities highlight the potential of integrating the natural environment into mental health interventions. By providing diverse and engaging ways to connect with nature, these activities offer practical solutions to improve mental health and combat burnout among healthcare professionals.
Furthermore, personalized interventions tailored to the specific needs of healthcare workers have shown potential. In Ethiopia, a study on job satisfaction among nurses highlighted the importance of targeted training programs. These programs not only improved job satisfaction but also enhanced the overall quality of care provided.
Virtual Training and Resilience
Virtual training programs have also gained traction, particularly in the field of palliative care. According to a study published in Educación Médica, virtual interventions significantly improved the quality of life for palliative care providers by enhancing positive feelings and self-care practices. These findings align with the broader narrative that accessible, well-designed programs can play a crucial role in supporting the mental health of healthcare workers.
Compassion Fatigue and Mental Health Support
Compassion fatigue remains a pervasive issue among healthcare professionals, particularly those in mental health and caregiving roles. This condition, often described as the “cost of caring,” manifests as physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion resulting from prolonged exposure to the suffering of others. Addressing compassion fatigue effectively requires comprehensive support systems and innovative training programs tailored to the unique challenges faced by caregivers.
One promising approach is the implementation of virtual skills training programs, which offer flexibility and accessibility for healthcare workers and caregivers. Virtual training can significantly alleviate compassion fatigue by providing caregivers with practical tools and strategies to manage their emotional well-being.
Virtual Skills Training for Caregivers
Programs such as the Engage with® Older Adults and the Engage with® Older Adults at Homeexemplify how virtual training can be leveraged to support caregivers and professionals that engage with older adults. These programs provide a fully immersive virtual learning experience designed to enhance caregivers’ skills in managing stress, improving communication, and fostering emotional resilience. By offering an interactive learning experience and real-time training with a certified trainer, such programs ensure that caregivers can access the training they need, regardless of their geographical location.
Key Features and Benefits:
Flexibility and Accessibility: Virtual training programs can be accessed from anywhere with an Internet-accessible device, allowing caregivers to learn from any geographic preference, allowing them to skip travel time and costly expenses often associated with in-person training. This is particularly beneficial for professionals with demanding and irregular schedules.
Interactive Learning: Programs like Engage with® Older Adults incorporate interactive elements such as videos, engaging quizzes, and live, virtual simulations. These features enhance engagement and retention, making the training more effective.
Practical Tools and Techniques: Caregivers are equipped with practical strategies to manage stress and prevent burnout. These include mindfulness exercises, communication techniques, and problem-solving skills tailored to the challenges of caregiving.
Real-Time Support: Many virtual training programs offer real-time support through online forums, chat features, and virtual coaching sessions. Programs like Engage with® Older Adults provides a unique experience of learning from a live, certified instructor in real-time. This immediate access to support helps caregivers address issues as they arise, reducing feelings of isolation and helplessness.
Focused Content: The content is specifically designed to address common issues faced by caregivers, such as compassion fatigue, emotional burnout, and effective patient interaction. This targeted approach ensures that the training is relevant and immediately applicable.
Impact on Compassion Fatigue
Virtual skills training has been shown to have a positive impact on caregivers experiencing compassion fatigue. According to a study on virtual interventions in palliative care, these programs significantly improved the quality of life for healthcare providers by enhancing positive feelings and self-care practices. Similarly, the Engage with® programs equips caregivers with the skills to manage their emotional well-being, ultimately reducing the risk of burnout.
Dr. Jasmeet Singh’s research on compassion fatigue among mental health professionals emphasizes the need for resilience-building programs. Singh notes that “tailored mental health support systems are crucial for helping professionals cope with the emotional demands of their work”. Virtual training programs align with this recommendation by providing personalized, accessible support that caregivers can integrate into their daily routines.
Bridging the Gap: Effective Implementation
To truly harness the benefits of these programs, healthcare organizations must address the barriers to participation. This includes creating flexible, engaging, and easily accessible interventions that fit seamlessly into the demanding schedules of healthcare workers. The integration of nature-based activities, personalized training, and virtual programs offers a multifaceted approach to enhancing engagement and effectiveness.
Conclusion: A Path Forward
The collective findings from recent studies underscore a critical message: supporting the mental well-being of healthcare workers is not just beneficial but essential. As healthcare systems continue to grapple with the lingering effects of the pandemic, implementing robust, engaging, and accessible positive emotion regulation programs can make a profound difference. By nurturing resilience and fostering positive emotions, we can build a healthier, more sustainable healthcare workforce capable of providing the best care possible.
References
Cuartero-Castañer, E., Cañas-Lerma, AJ., and Casado, T. “Enhancing professional quality of life in palliative care through a virtual training program.” Educación Médica, 2024.
Jung, OS., Aiken, LH., Sloane, DM., Fridkin, SK., and Li, Y. “Studying the Relationship between Patients’ Satisfaction and Mental Well-Being of Nurses with the Job Burnout Mediating Role.” Journal of Palliative Care, 2023.
Moskowitz, JT., Jackson, KL., and Cummings, P. “Feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a positive emotion regulation intervention to promote resilience for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized waitlist-controlled trial.” PLOS ONE, 2024.
Ong, C. “Off work to unwind in nature.” SLU Studies, 2024.
Saliya, SA., Ashine, TM., and Heliso, AZ. “Professional quality of life and job satisfaction among nurses working at tertiary hospitals in central Ethiopia.” BMC Nursing, 2024.
Singh, J. “Compassion fatigue in mental health professionals in the United Kingdom: an occupational perspective, a qualitative exploration, and a psychometric evaluation.” Nottingham Trent University Repository, 2024.
Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, has long been recognized as a significant health concern. However, recent research underscores its critical role as a modifiable risk factor for dementia, presenting both challenges and opportunities for public health interventions aimed at reducing the global burden of cognitive decline and dementia.
The Shift in Dementia Risk Factors
Historically, factors such as smoking and lower levels of education were identified as leading contributors to dementia. However, contemporary research reveals a shift in this landscape. A pivotal study published in The Lancet Public Health highlights hypertension as the most prevalent modifiable risk factor for dementia worldwide. This shift necessitates a reevaluation of public health priorities and intervention strategies.
Dr. Naaheed Mukadam from University College London highlights a crucial point: taking care of our heart and blood vessels is essential in preventing dementia. She explains, “Cardiovascular risk factors may have contributed more to dementia risk over time, so these deserve more targeted action for future dementia prevention efforts.” [1]
To put it simply, things that harm our heart and blood vessels, like high blood pressure (hypertension), can also increase the risk of dementia. Over the years, research has shown that controlling these factors can help reduce the chances of developing dementia. Imagine this: if we treat our heart and blood vessels well by managing blood pressure, it’s like giving our brain a better chance to stay healthy too.
A large study looked at 27 different research projects from 1947 to 2020. This analysis found that when people actively manage their hypertension, they are less likely to suffer from dementia later in life. For example, regular check-ups and taking medications to keep blood pressure in check can make a significant difference. This is especially important for older adults, as keeping blood pressure under control can help maintain their cognitive health, leading to a better quality of life.
Understanding the Mechanisms
The relationship between hypertension and dementia is complex and multifaceted. Hypertension contributes to cerebrovascular damage, which in turn affects brain function and structure. The chronic elevation of blood pressure can lead to conditions such as small vessel disease and strokes, both of which are directly linked to cognitive decline.
Imagine it this way: just as regular maintenance keeps a car running smoothly and prevents breakdowns, taking steps to manage hypertension keeps the body’s “engine” – the heart – in good shape, which in turn helps keep the “control center” – the brain – functioning well. This proactive approach to managing blood pressure can make a real difference in the quality of life for older adults.
A review in Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology by A.M. Daugherty highlights, “Hypertension is a modifiable dementia risk factor: successful blood pressure management reduces the risk but does not completely negate it.” [2] This statement underscores the need for continuous and effective blood pressure control to mitigate the risk of developing dementia.
Gender Differences and Early-Onset Hypertension
Intriguingly, research also indicates gender-specific implications of hypertension on dementia risk. A study published in Neurology by Gilsanz et al. found that early-onset hypertension in women, particularly those in their early 40s, significantly increases the risk of dementia. [3] The study suggests that the risk is not equally pronounced in men, highlighting the necessity for tailored prevention strategies.
“We need further research to disentangle possible sex-specific mechanisms that link hypertension to dementia,” the authors conclude. This gender-specific finding calls for targeted awareness and intervention programs that address the unique health profiles of men and women.
Global Health Implications
Given the global prevalence of hypertension, its identification as a leading modifiable risk factor for dementia presents a significant public health challenge. The World Health Organization estimates that over 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension, with many unaware of their condition. Effective management of hypertension through lifestyle modifications, medication, and regular monitoring could potentially reduce the incidence of dementia on a global scale.
The Path Forward
To address this growing concern, comprehensive public health strategies must be implemented. These strategies should include widespread education on the risks of hypertension, routine blood pressure screening, and accessible treatment options. Dr. Mukadam’s call to action resonates with these needs: “Governments should consider implementing schemes such as worldwide policies of education, and restrictions on smoking,” she suggests, highlighting the broader impact of policy-driven health initiatives. [1]
Moreover, interdisciplinary research must continue to explore the biological mechanisms linking hypertension and dementia, allowing for the development of more effective treatments and preventive measures. As Dr. Daugherty aptly notes, “While successful blood pressure management reduces the risk, it does not completely negate it,” indicating that ongoing vigilance and innovation are necessary to combat this dual threat of hypertension and dementia. [2]
Conclusion
The evolving understanding of hypertension as a modifiable risk factor for dementia underscores the urgent need for integrated public health strategies. By prioritizing cardiovascular health, promoting early detection, and ensuring effective management of hypertension, we can make significant strides in reducing the global burden of dementia. This multifaceted approach promises not only to improve individual health outcomes but also to enhance the quality of life for millions worldwide, paving the way for a healthier, dementia-free future.
The reliance on antipsychotic medications in dementia treatment is becoming a contentious issue, eliciting warnings from researchers and healthcare professionals across the dementia ecosphere. These medications are frequently administered to manage the behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia, such as agitation, aggression, and psychosis. However, recent studies and expert opinions suggest that these medications, while sometimes necessary, are often overprescribed, leading to severe health risks for vulnerable older adults.
Understanding Dementia-Related Behavioral Issues
Dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease and other related disorders, profoundly impacts cognitive function, often leading to significant behavioral changes in affected individuals. As dementia progresses, patients may exhibit increased agitation, aggression, and even psychosis. These behavioral symptoms can be challenging for caregivers and healthcare providers to manage, particularly in home healthcare settings.
Agitation in older adults living with dementia can manifest in various ways, from restlessness and fidgeting to more severe behaviors like attempting to leave the house or becoming verbally or physically aggressive. Such symptoms are often distressing for both patients and their caregivers, contributing to a high level of caregiver burden and stress. Aggression, which may arise in the mid to late stages of dementia, often results from the frustration of losing the ability to perform daily activities independently.
The Role of Antipsychotic Drugs in Managing Symptoms
Given the challenging nature of these symptoms, antipsychotic drugs are sometimes prescribed to help manage and mitigate these behaviors. These medications can have a calming effect, reducing agitation and aggression, and are often used as a short-term solution during acute episodes of behavioral disturbances. For example, antipsychotics might be prescribed following an injury or illness that has exacerbated confusion and delirium in a dementia patient.
However, the use of antipsychotic medications in dementia care is fraught with significant risks. These drugs are associated with serious adverse outcomes, including increased risks of stroke, heart failure, pneumonia, and sudden cardiac death. The potential for these severe side effects necessitates a cautious approach to prescribing these medications.
Dr. David Merrill, a geriatric psychiatrist, underscores that antipsychotics should not be the first-line treatment for behavioral problems in dementia. He emphasizes the importance of regularly assessing the need for these medications and considering their discontinuation when possible. “Often, they are rightly prescribed in the hospital after an injury or illness for delirium and confusion, and then they are continued at home. The patient may need support at home, but not more medication,” Merrill explains.
The Extent of Overprescription
Despite the risks, antipsychotic medications are often overprescribed to older adults living with dementia. A study published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society found that older adults with Alzheimer’s disease or related dementias receiving home healthcare were more than twice as likely to be prescribed antipsychotics compared to those without dementia (17% versus 6%). This trend highlights the need for improved prescribing practices and the exploration of safer, non-pharmacological interventions.
Risks and Adverse Outcomes
The overuse of antipsychotic medications in dementia care is not without consequence. Research published in The BMJ highlights multiple adverse outcomes associated with these drugs, including stroke, heart failure, pneumonia, and even sudden cardiac death. The study utilized extensive data from the UK’s Clinical Practice Research Datalink, underscoring the significant health risks these medications pose to older adults living with dementia.
Atypical antipsychotics, while commonly prescribed, pose significant dangers, particularly in older patients with dementia, increasing mortality rates and contributing to substantial health risks.
Quetiapine (Seroquel): Often prescribed for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, quetiapine is also used off-label to manage behavioral symptoms in dementia patients.
Risperidone (Risperdal): This medication is used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autistic disorder, and is frequently prescribed to manage aggression and agitation in dementia.
Olanzapine (Zyprexa): Commonly prescribed for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, olanzapine is also used off-label in dementia care to help manage severe behavioral issues.
Aripiprazole (Abilify): Used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, aripiprazole is sometimes prescribed to dementia patients to address psychosis and agitation.
The FDA Warning and Global Trends
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued warnings regarding the use of atypical antipsychotics in elderly patients with dementia, citing their potential to hasten death. Despite these warnings, a significant portion of nursing home residents continues to receive these prescriptions. A 2009 World Alzheimer Report commissioned by the UK Department of Health indicated that approximately 25% of older adults living with dementia in the UK were on antipsychotic medications, reflecting a troubling trend seen across other developed countries, including Germany and Sweden.
Alternative Approaches to Dementia Care
Given the substantial risks of antipsychotic drugs, experts suggest using non-drug approaches to manage dementia symptoms. These methods include changes to the living environment, engaging activities, and psychological therapies, which have been shown to help reduce behavioral issues without the severe side effects of medication.
Environmental Modifications—Changing the living environment can significantly impact a dementia patient’s behavior. For example, reducing noise and clutter can create a calmer atmosphere, which might help lessen agitation and confusion. Think about how you might feel more relaxed in a tidy, quiet room compared to a noisy, chaotic one.
Engaging Activities—Keeping older adults living with dementia engaged in activities they enjoy can also be very beneficial. Simple activities like listening to music, gardening, or engaging in a hobby can provide mental stimulation and reduce feelings of frustration or boredom. Imagine how engaging in a favorite hobby helps you feel more relaxed and focused; the same principle applies to those with dementia.
Psychological Therapies—Psychological therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can help manage symptoms like depression and anxiety, which often accompany dementia. These therapies teach coping strategies and ways to alter negative thinking patterns, which can improve mood and behavior. Just as talking to a therapist can help someone without dementia manage stress, it can also provide valuable support for older adults living with dementia.
The Alzheimer’s Association recommends several strategies to help manage agitation and aggression:
Offering Guided Choices: Instead of asking open-ended questions, provide two specific options. For example, “Would you like to wear the blue shirt or the green one?” This simplifies decision-making and reduces frustration.
Focusing on Pleasant Events: Engage the older adult in activities or conversations about things they enjoy or find comforting. For instance, talking about happy memories or involving them in a favorite pastime.
Using Calm, Positive Statements: Approach situations with a calm demeanor and use positive language. For example, saying “Let’s go for a walk” instead of “Don’t sit there all day.”
These non-pharmacological approaches are not only safer but often more effective in improving the quality of life for older adults living with dementia. By understanding and implementing these strategies, caregivers can better support older adults in their care, helping them live more comfortably and with greater dignity.
The Importance of Training for Caregivers
Providing caregivers and those who engage with older adults living with dementia access to specialized training is crucial in navigating the complex challenges of dementia care. Training programs equip caregivers with the skills and knowledge needed to manage behavioral and psychological symptoms effectively, reducing reliance on antipsychotic medications. Here are some benefits of such training:
Enhanced Understanding: Training helps caregivers understand the underlying causes of behavioral changes in older adults living with dementia, allowing them to respond with empathy and appropriate strategies rather than medication.
Improved Communication: Caregivers learn techniques to communicate effectively with older adults living with dementia, which can reduce agitation and frustration. Simple methods such as using calm, positive language and providing clear, guided choices can make a significant difference.
Stress Reduction: Well-trained caregivers are better equipped to handle challenging behaviors, reducing their own stress and improving the overall care environment. This can lead to a more positive experience for both the caregiver and the patient.
Non-Pharmacological Interventions: Training programs often emphasize non-pharmacological interventions, such as engaging activities, environmental modifications, and personalized care plans. These approaches can effectively manage symptoms without the adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs.
Better Patient Outcomes: When caregivers are equipped with the right tools and knowledge, older adults living with dementia experience better outcomes, including reduced agitation, fewer behavioral issues, and improved quality of life.
Investing in caregiver training not only enhances the care provided to older adults living with dementia but also supports the well-being and effectiveness of those who dedicate their lives to this challenging and rewarding work.
A Call for Responsible Prescribing
The persistent overprescription of antipsychotic drugs in dementia care underscores the need for more judicious use of these treatments. Glen I. Spielmans, an associate professor of psychology, argues that the current era of widespread antipsychotic use will not be remembered kindly by history. He calls for a much more cautious approach, emphasizing the importance of exploring safer, more effective alternatives before resorting to these potent medications.
Conclusion
The overprescription of antipsychotic drugs to people living with dementia remains a critical issue, posing significant health risks and ethical concerns. While these medications may offer short-term relief for certain symptoms, their potential for harm necessitates a careful and considered approach. By prioritizing non-pharmacological interventions, providing comprehensive training for caregivers, and adhering to stringent prescribing guidelines, healthcare providers can better ensure the safety and well-being of older adults living with dementia.
As the field of dementia care continues to evolve, it is imperative that we remain vigilant in our efforts to provide compassionate, evidence-based treatment that truly enhances the quality of life for older adults living with dementia.
Spielmans, Glen I. “Atypical Antipsychotics: Overrated and Overprescribed.” The Pharmaceutical Journal, www.pharmaceutical-journal.com. Accessed 28 June 2024.
“Multiple Adverse Outcomes Associated with Antipsychotic Use in People with Dementia: Population Based Matched Cohort Study.” The BMJ, www.bmj.com. Accessed 28 June 2024.
